California Ethnic Studies Model Curriculum Aligned

Native American History: An Ethnic Studies Curriculum From Home is a comprehensive and engaging program designed to meet California's ethnic studies standards for high school education, while also being appropriate for students in other states who wish to gain a deeper appreciation of Native American cultures and history.

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Key Outcomes of California Ethnic Studies Curriculum

The California Ethnic Studies Model Curriculum allows students to fulfill state requirements through a variety of courses focused on different ethnic groups, including Native Americans. Regardless of the community being studied, the state standards emphasize six key outcomes:

  1. Understanding the histories, cultures, contributions, and experiences of various ethnic groups
  2. Fostering critical thinking about identity, race, and power dynamics
  3. Promoting empathy and respect for diverse perspectives
  4. Enhancing civic engagement and social responsibility
  5. Recognizing and addressing systems of oppression and inequality
  6. Building academic skills through the exploration of ethnic studies themes.

Core Principles of Our Curriculum

Each of these state standards appear throughout the nine chapters of Native American History: A Curriculum From Home, which invites students to engage and learn from those principles.

The Curriculum From Home delves into the rich and diverse histories of Native American tribes across different regions and how they acclimated to those territories. The opening chapter examines each region of the continental United States with attention to unique housing, diet, and cultural adaptations. Supplemental material takes students through a letter from Hernán Cortés which details the marvels of Tenochtitlan. In the chapters that follow, tribes are progressively introduced with attention to their architecture, diet, and cultural institutions. By surveying the fullness of the continent, students gain a richer understanding of the diverse histories of regionally distinct tribes.

The Curriculum From Home encourages students to critically examine the interactions between Native Americans and Europeans, focusing on issues of identity, race, and power dynamics. For example, students explore the Valladolid Debate in chapter two supplemental material. In this assignment, students dive into an actual debate that occurred centuries ago, considering Spanish thoughts about the status of Indians as justification for subjugation. Later, in chapter nine, students read competing essays by Native activists arguing over the nature of an Indian and what it means to be a real Indian. These and other elements help students understand and critique the complex power dynamics at play as historical and contemporary actors sought to define Indianness.

The curriculum highlights the importance of understanding and respecting diverse Native American perspectives and their experiences throughout history. Many assignments invite students to compare competing views, such as the Valladolid Debate (Chapter 2) and Native Activists (Chapter 9). Other examples include chapter three’s discussion of how French colonizers often embedded themselves among and learned to adopt Indian lifeways. Chapter six supplemental content on Indian removal policy invites students to read arguments in favor and against the policy to better understand competing viewpoints. These readings encourage students to both evaluate and appreciate differing perspectives on Native culture and aspirations.

The curriculum emphasizes the role of Native Americans in shaping U.S. history and their ongoing contributions through civic engagement. Chapter five supplemental material contrasts competing tribal calls for military alliances with the English and colonists during the American Revolution. Chapter nine walks’ students through the rise of Red Power and explores how young adult leaders refashioned advocacy as a civic duty in the 1960s and 1970s. In the supplemental material, students will also read proclamations issued by several of those groups. These stories inspire students to engage in civic activities and promote social responsibility.

The curriculum critically examines the systems of oppression faced by Native Americans and their efforts to overcome these challenges. Dispossession and erosion of sovereignty is a major theme caring through many of the chapters, particularly the second (Spanish Colonization), third (French and Dutch colonization), and fourth (English colonization). Additionally, supplemental material for chapter six includes legal codes for enslaving Native Americans. Chapters six and seven illustrate the final thrust to remove tribal people onto reservations and undermine their political and cultural sovereignty through federal policy. These critical examinations help students recognize and address historical and contemporary systems of oppression and inequality.

The curriculum provides rich content that enhances students' research, critical thinking, and analytical skills through the exploration of Native American history and ethnic studies themes. Each chapter includes periodic review questions and concludes with a graphic organizer activity that challenges students to reconceptualize content as a Venn diagram, table, T-chart, concept map, or other method. Additionally, end of chapter review questions challenge comprehension. Each of the nine chapters is also accompanied by two supplemental material projects that introduce primary sources and challenge students to draw on contextual knowledge to analyze more narrowly focused content. Students may review an ancient Mesoamerican code (chapter 1) or ethnographic notes from the American Southwest (chapter 2), but also will find opportunities to compare and contrast competing arguments, such as the causes of King Phillip’s War (chapter 4) or Congressional explanations for failed Indian policy (chapter 7). In reading and responding to primary sources, students develop essential academic skills of interrogating texts while deepening their understanding of course themes.

In summary, Native American History: An Ethnic Studies Curriculum From Home offers a comprehensive approach to exploring Native American histories and cultures. By engaging students in critical thinking, empathy, and civic responsibility, the curriculum addresses complex themes of identity, power, and resistance. Through its rigorous academic framework, the program not only fulfills California’s ethnic studies standards but also provides students with the tools to analyze historical and contemporary issues thoughtfully. This course challenges learners to delve deeply into the rich and diverse experiences of Native American communities while fostering the essential skills needed for academic success and social responsibility.

How Native American History: A Curriculum from Home fulfills the California State Standards

California Standards

How Our Curriculum Fulfills
CA Standards

Examples

1.
Understanding of the histories, cultures, contributions, and experiences of various ethnic groups.

The curriculum provides a comprehensive understanding of the diverse histories, cultures, contributions, and experiences of Native American groups before and after European contact.

Chapter 1: Ancient America to 1492 —
Examines regional cultures across the continent with attention to architecture, diet, and cultural practices.

Chapter 1 Supplement: The City of Tenochtitlan —
Draws on a letter from Hernán Cortés to enable students to read and write about the unique architectural and social structures of the Aztec capital city

Chapter 2: Spanish Colonization 1492–1700—
Discusses the cultural exchange between the Spanish and various Native American tribes in the South and Southwest.

Chapter 3: French and Dutch Colonization, 1500-1763 —
Analyzes the cultural exchange between the French and various Native American tribes in Acadia, the Great Lakes and Mississippi River valley.

Chapter 8 Supplement: SAI Speeches —

Examining speeches issued by Native Activists in the early twentieth century, students explore how Indians balanced authenticity with modernization

2.

Critical Thinking about Identity, Race, and Power Dynamics

The curriculum encourages students to critically examine the interactions between Native Americans and Europeans, focusing on issues of identity, race, and power dynamics.

Chapter 2 Supplement: Valladolid Debate —
Students analyze competing notions of Indians by Spaniards Juan de Sepulveda and Bartolome de Las Casas, and how those perceptions justified conquest.

Chapter 7 Supplement: Boarding Schools —
Compares two Indians’ transformative experiences in Boarding Schools

Chapter 9 Supplemental: What is An Indian? —
Examine assertions of what it means to be Indian by Native leaders from competing groups.

Chapter 8: Early 20th Century Termination —
Explores the mainstreaming of Indianism and competing claims to that identity through art, sports, and social organizations

Chapter 9: Self-Determination & Decolonization, 1960s and Beyond

Explores competing notions of Indianness from Red Power activism to more conservative critiques that competed for authenticity in the era of self-determination.

3.
Empathy and Respect for Diverse Perspectives

The curriculum highlights the importance of understanding and respecting diverse Native American perspectives and their experiences throughout history.

Chapter 3: French and Dutch Colonization, 1500–1763

Details the interactions between French settlers and Native American tribes, emphasizing mutual respect and the establishment of trade alliances.

Chapter 3 Supplement: Timucuan Sketches —
Examines portrayals of Indigenous lifeways through French art in the Colonial era, emphasizing culture, social structure and presumed virtues of Native communities.

Chapter 6 Supplement: Removal Documents —
Compares and contrasts speeches from advocates and critics of removal, including American politicians and tribal leaders

Chapter 8 Supplemental: Debating the Indian New Deal: Explores competing Indian views about the impact of federal policies relative to land rights and individual autonomy.

Chapter 8 Supplemental: SAI Speeches —
Explores the efforts of Native American leaders and communities to preserve their cultural heritage amidst pressures of assimilation and modernization.

4.
Civic Engagement and Social Responsibility

The curriculum emphasizes the role of Native Americans in shaping U.S. history and their ongoing contributions to social justice and civic engagement.

Chapter 5 Supplemental: Alliances in the American Revolution –

Highlights competing claims for military alliances with the Americans and British among different tribal leaders.

Chapter 6: Eastern Removals and Antebellum Conflict, 1830s-1860 –

Discusses the resistance strategies used by Native American tribes to combat forced removals and maintain their sovereignty.

Chapter 7: Dispossession and Assimilation —
Explores the life and service of Seneca Ely Parker, from engineer to military service as U.S. Grant’s aid, to oversight of Indian Affairs

Chapter 9: Self-Determination & Decolonization, 1960s and Beyond

Details the activism of Native American groups during the Red Power movement and their impact on modern social justice movements.

Chapter 9 Supplemental: Proclamations —
Details the activism of Native American groups during the Red Power movement and their impact on modern social justice movements.

5.
Recognize and Address Systems of Oppression and Inequality

The curriculum critically examines the systems of oppression faced by Native Americans and their efforts to overcome these challenges.

Chapter 2: Spanish Colonization, 1492-1700 –
Details economic and political structures of oppression and labor, including encomienda, repartimiento, and hacienda systems

Chapter 4: English Colonization, 1500-1763 —
Discusses territorial expansion and the creation of legal structures to erode indigenous political sovereignty

Chapter 6 Supplemental: Servitude Laws
Compares and contrasts two competing legal structures for the enslavement of Native Americans in California and Utah

Chapter 7: Dispossession and Assimilation, 1860-1900 –

Analyzes the impact of termination policies designed to systemically erode cultural sovereignty, including the Dawes Act, boarding schools, and more.

Chapter 9: Self-Determination & Decolonization, 1960s and Beyond.

Examines the federal policies supporting Native American self-determination and the ongoing challenges related to land rights and cultural preservation.

6.
Building Academic Skills through Exploration of Ethnic Studies Themes

The curriculum provides rich content that enhances students' research, critical thinking, and analytical skills through the exploration of Native American history and ethnic studies themes.

Chapter 1 Supplemental: Boturini Codex —
Encourages students to analyze archaeological and anthropological evidence to understand the origins and development of Native American societies.

Chapter 2 Supplemental: Coahuiltecan People of the Southwest —
Explore gender roles, the economy, and social expectations among the Coahuiltecan people of the American Southwest.

Chapter 4 Supplemental: Causes of King Phillip’s War —
Examine a variety of documents with competing explanations for the cause of King Phillip’s War and craft a thoughtful explanation

Chapter 7 Supplemental: Congressional Investigations —
Reviews congressional reports that redefine perceptions of Native Americans and lay the groundwork for new federal policy.

Chapter 8 Supplemental: SAI Speeches —

Examine lectures given at the April 1913 Society of American Indians' convention as Native leaders outline aspirations for education, citizenship, and political autonomy